(Double Parts of Speech)
(i) THE INFINITIVE
Verb के first form से पहले 10 लगाने से Infinitive बनता है। अधिकतर यह Noun का कार्य करता है तथा हिन्दी में अर्थ निकालने पर इसके अन्त में 'ना', 'नी', 'ने' आते हैं। यह Verb से स्वतन्त्र होता है अर्थात् इसका Number तथा Person कर्ता के Number तथा Person के अनुसार नहीं होता। जैसे-
1. I like to play football.
2. They liked to play football.
3. He likes to play football.
4. She will like to play football.
उपर्युक्त वाक्यों से यह स्पष्ट है कि like क्रिया में अन्तर आया लेकिन to play में कोई अन्तर नहीं आया। to play क्रिया Infinitive है।
Rule I. Infinitive में साधारणतया 'to' का प्रयोग होता है लेकिन निम्न अवस्थाओं में Infinitive
का 'to' चिह्न लुप्त हो जाता है:
(a) सहायक क्रिया (Auxiliary Verbs) shall, should, will, would, may, might, can
could, must आदि के पश्चात् 10 का प्रयोग नहीं होता। जैसे-
1. I should do it.
2. He can go.
3. She may go.
4. We must obey our parents.
Note- ought तथा used के पश्चात् 'to' का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे-
1. They ought to help him.
2. He used to go.
(b) had better, had rather, would पश्चात् 10 का प्रयोग नहीं होता। जैसे-rather, rather than, sooner than आदि Phrases के
1. You had better stay there.
(तुम्हारे लिये वहाँ ठहरना अच्छा होता।)
2. He had rather play than work.
Syntax121
(उसके लिये काम करने की अपेक्षा खेलना अच्छा होता ।)
(मैं मरना पसन्द करूँगा लेकिन भीख माँगना नहीं ।)
3. I would rather die than beg.
4. He resigned rather than beg for mercy.
(दया की भीख माँगने की अपेक्षा उसने त्याग पत्र दे दिया ।)
(c) Dare' तथा 'need' के Negative तथा Interrogative रूप के पश्चात् 10 का प्रयोग नहीं होता। जैसे -
1. He need not come here.
3. She dare not oppose me.
2. Dare you say this?
Note: Dare तथा need ऐसे Verbs हैं जो एकवचन कर्ता के साथ भी बहुवचन में रहते हैं। उपर्युक्त मेंहैं। वाक्यों में कर्ता He तथा She एकवचन हैं तथा Verbs 'need' तथा 'dare' बहुवचन में
(d) hear, see, make, feel, watch, let, bid, behold आदि क्रियाओं के Object के पश्चात् 10 का प्रयोग नहीं होता। जैसे
1. I heard him cry.
2. 1 watched him play hockey.
3. I saw him change the wheel.
4. He let me go home.
5. I made him laugh.
6. 1 bade him go.
(e) but, than, except के पश्चात् Infinitive का 10 छिपा रहता है। जैसे-
1. These boys do nothing but play.
2. He did no more than play.
Note : Do के अलावा अन्य कोई क्रिया आने पर but के साथ 10 का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे-
He had no alternative but to go.
Rule 2. यदि वाक्य में कई Infinitives आते हैं और वे and से जुड़े रहते हैं तो 'to' पहले Infinitive के पूर्व लगाते हैं, बाद वाले Infinitives के पहले 'to' नहीं लगाते। जैसे-
1. I want to read and write.
2. It is our duty to serve, obey and respect our elders
. Rule 3. Know के पश्चात् how तथा Infinitive का प्रयोग अवश्य होता है। जैसे -
Incorrect
Correct
I do not know to swim.
I do not know how to swim.
Rule 4. Infinitive के चिह्न 'to' को Verb के साथ ही लगाना चाहिये। 'to' तथा Verb के बीच Adverb का प्रयोग नहीं होना चाहिए। जैसे -
Incorrect I hoped to immediately reply to your letter.
Correct I hoped to reply to your letter immediately.
Rule 5. Infinitive Verb का Subject बन सकता है। जैसे-
To play with fire is not safe. It is not safe to play with fire..
Rule 6. Infinitives कुछ Verbs के Objects भी हो सकते हैं। जैसे agree, ask, attempt, care, decide, demand, fail, forget, hope, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise. prove, refuse आदि । जैसे -
1. Ravi agreed to wait.
3. Hari asked to go.
5. She offered to help me.
2. She failed to do it.
4. Rajul forgot to post the letter.
Rule 7. How, what, where, when, which आदि Interrogative words के बाद Infinitives का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे -
1. Ravi knew when to open the window.
2. He understood how to solve the question.
3. I cannot think what to do.
4. She learnt where to go for guidance.
Rule 8. जब विकल्प का भाव ज्ञात करना हो तो whether तथा Infinitive का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसे -
Anand couldn't remember whether to inform orally or write to Rakesh.
Rule 9. Advise, allow, encourage, invite, order, permit, request, tell, urge आदि क्रियाओं के पश्चात् पहले इनके Objects फिर Infinitives का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे-
1. He advised me to take rest.
2. I ordered him to read the book.
EXERCISE 11
Correct the following sentences:
1. Let him to read the book.
2. He used go on foot.
3. He had better to go now.
4. He need not to join the office.
5. He was determined go there.
6. You had better to ask permission.
7. You did nothing but to waste time.
8. He made us to laugh.
9. She is too ill for doing any work.
10. He is able to easily write this book.
11. He was asked explain his conduct.
12. Please first try to clearly understand the case.
13. I do not know how swim.
14. We would rather die than to tell a lie.
15. I heard him to say so.
16. He dared not to come here.
17. Let us to go there.
18. He did everything except to inform me.
19. You need not to worry.
(U. P. 1991)
20. I went for seeing my friend.
(U. P. 1992)
21. He dares not cross the flooded river.
(U. P. 1997)
(ii) THE PARTICIPLE
P
"A Participle is that form of the Verb which partakes of the nature both of a Verb and of an Adjective."
Participle क्रिया का वह रूप है जो Verb तथा Adjective, दोनों का कार्य करता है। हिन्दी अर्थ में क्रिया के अन्त में 'कर, करके, करता हुआ' शब्द आते हैं। इसके तीन रूप होते हैं :
(1) Present Participle में Verb के First form में ing का प्रयोग। जैसे-
Turning to the left you will find the house.
(2) Past Participle में Verb के Third form का अकेले प्रयोग। जैसे -
1. The rotten eggs were thrown away.
2. This is a faded flower.
(3) Perfect Participle में having के साथ Verb के Third form का प्रयोग। जैसे -
Having sold his old house, Ram bought a new one.
Rule 1. निम्नलिखित Verbs के बाद Present Participle का प्रयोग किया जाता है किन्तु दोनों के बीच में यदि आवश्यकता हो तो Noun या Pronoun का भी प्रयोग किया जाता है keep, smell, gel. catch, imagine, find, leave, set, hear, see, start आदि। जैसे -
1. She set the ball rolling.
2. He kept me waiting.
Rule 2. जब Present Participle किसी Noun की विशेषता प्रकट करता है तो वह उस Noun के पहले ओता है। जैसे-
Incorrect Dogs barking seldom bite.
Correct Barking dogs seldom bite.
Rule 3. यदि Participle द्वारा किया गया कार्य भूतकाल में समाप्त हो गया हो और वह किसी Noun की विशेषता या दशा बता रहा हो तब Past Participle का प्रयोग उस Noun से पहले होगा। जैसे -
Incorrect I saw a bird wounded.
Correct I saw a wounded bird.
Rule 4. निम्न Verbs के बाद पहले कोई Noun या Pronoun आता है और उसके बाद Past Participle आता है : find, like, feel, make, get, wish, want, have. जैसे -
1. She got her house repaired.
2. He found the book published.
Rule 5. जहाँ Participle द्वारा किया गया कार्य पूर्ण रूप से समाप्त हो गया हो वहाँ Perfect Participle का प्रयोग करना चाहिए। जैसे-
Incorrect Writing a letter, he posted it.
Correct Having written a letter, he posted it.
Rule 6. Nominative Absolute में Participle के साथ सम्बन्धित Noun या Pronoun को भी लिखना चाहिए। जैसे -
Incorrect Being a hot day, I could not go out.
Correct It being a hot day, I could not go out.
Rule 7. प्रत्येक वाक्य में Participle का सम्बन्ध किसी Noun या Pronoun से होना चाहिए । जैसे-
Incorrect Playing in the garden a snake bit me.
Correct Playing in the garden, I was bitten by a snake.
Or
While I was playing in the garden, a snake bit me.
EXERCISE 12
Correct the following sentences:
1. Being Sunday, the college was closed.
2. I watched the rise sun.
3. The rose faded has no smell.
4. Swimming he was drowned.
5. Mr Sharma is an officer retired.
6. Being fine weather, he went out.
7. The sun setting, the stars appeared.
8. Having the sun set, all went home.
9. I saw him to cross the road.
10. She was caught to copy.
(iii) THE GERUND
Gerund Verb के First form में ing जोड़ने से बनता है तथा वह Infinitive की भाँति Noun का कार्य करता है तथा हिन्दी में अर्थ निकालने पर इसके अन्त में 'ना', 'नी', 'ने' आते हैं। जैसे-
1. Smoking is a bad habit.
2. I like walking.
उपर्युक्त वाक्यों में smoking तथा walking, Gerunds हैं। प्रथम वाक्य में Gerund का प्रयोग कर्ता (Subject) के रूप में तथा द्वितीय वाक्य में कर्म (Object) के रूप में हुआ है।
Rule 1. Avoid, hinder, prevent, persist, succeed, fond, despair, think, prohibit आदि Verbs के पश्चात् Gerund का प्रयोग होता है, Infinitive का नहीं। जैसे-
1. Incorrect My brother prevented me to play cards.
Correct My brother prevented me from playing cards.
2. Incorrect Avoid to drink too much water with meals.
Correct Avoid drinking too much water with meals.
Rule 2. Gerund के स्थान पर Infinitive का प्रयोग नहीं करना चाहिए। जैसे -
Incorrect Now stop to write.
Correct Now stop writing.
Rule 3. जब Noun या Pronoun किसी Gerund के पहले आते हैं तो Possessive Case में होते हैं। जैसे-
1. Incorrect I do not like my friend talking so much.
Correct
2. Incorrect
I do not like my friend's talking so much.
Correct
It is no use you saying so.
-It is no use your saying so.
Rule 4. Prepositions of, for, with, before, after, on आदि के बाद Gerund का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे -
He is fond of smoking.
Sarala insisted on going.
Participle तथा Gerund में अन्तर Verb के अन्त में ing जोड़कर Participle भी बनता है तथा Gerund भी । अन्तर यह है कि Participle एक Adjective तथा Verb है। वह किसी Noun या Pronoun को qualify करता है जबकि Gerund Noun तथा Verb है। वह किसी Verb का Subject या Object आदि हो सकता है। जैसे -
1. Seeing a lion, he ran away.
2. Walking is good for health.
3. He likes reading novels.
EXERCISE 13
(Participle)
(Gerund)
(Gerund)
Correct the following sentences:
1. I objected to him coming late.
2. We must avoid to smoke.
3. He likes to read poetry.
4. He is fond to play the harmonium.
5. All depends on Hari's pass the examination.
6. I do not remember the date of him leaving India.
7. I insisted on him to go to the market.
8. We were asked to stop to write.
9. I ask the favour of you doing this.
10. I love to garden.
11. I was pleased at him coming today.
12. He is fond of drink wine.
13. He avoids to do his duty.
14. Anand practised to play cricket.
15. He was found steal mangoes.
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